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2023 Envirothon Soil Glossary

Across
A swampy place or marshy inlet.
The wearing away of the land surface by wind or water.
The downward movement of water in soil.
Sediment deposited in oceans.
The part of the earth’s crust (water and atmosphere) where living organisms can exist.
An embankment, or ridge, constructed across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to the contour intercepting surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to a prepared outlet.
Organisms that must feed on other organisms in order to get the energy-rich food they need
Enrichment of water due to fertilization, sewage, effluent or other waters that carry a high plant-nutrient component which speeds up the ecological aging of a body of water.
A chemical compound that aids root growth.
A wetland without trees which often has standing water.
The removal of soluble substance from soil by percolating water.
Material deposited in lake water and exposed when the water level is lowered or the elevation of the land is raised
A planned multi-year succession of crops designed to maximize productivity and minimize erosion and plant diseases.
The dark organic part of soil formed from decaying plant and animal matter; often called topsoil.
Referring to or derived from living organisms; in chemistry, any compound containing carbon.
Organisms that directly use the sun’s energy to make their own food.
Soil material, rock fragments, or both, moved by creep, slide, or local wash and deposited at the base of steep slopes.
The degree to which “puddled” or reworked soil can be permanently deformed without rupturing.
Down
A descriptive term referring to plants and soils existing in flooded, saturated, or ponded areas.
The land area where all rain drains into a body of water—delivering both runoff water and sediment to a major river or stream and its tributaries.
An area that is regularly wet or flooded where the water table stands at or above the land surface for a least part of the year.
Simple plantlike organisms that lack chlorophyll.
Sedimentary deposits (like a delta) in fresh water.
Moist, semi-decayed, organic matter.
Lake type used to describe bodies of water characterized by low amounts of nutrients in proportion to their total volume of water.
Radiant energy from the sun is used to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and carbohydrates (such as glucose) and other nutrient molecules.
The compression of soil to a smaller volume.
The most abundant group of minerals in the earth’s crust.
Water that infiltrates the soil and is stored in slowly flowing and slowly renewed underground reservoirs called aquifers.
A wetland dominated by trees.
Rock formed by the cooling of magma, or molten rock, from within the Earth.
Fine-grained soil with particles less than .002 millimeters; plastic when wet, but hardens when dry
A miniature valley with steep sides cut by running water and through which water ordinarily runs only after rainfall and is generally an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to be obliterated by ordinary tillage.
Soil particles composed of individual mineral particles that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05 millimeter).